This triangle is simply the posterior part of Lesser's triangle. ![]() Pirogov (1810–1881) who first described it, is bounded by the hypoglossal nerve superiorly, the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle inferoposteriorly, and the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle anteriorly. Pirogov's triangle, named after Russian surgeon and scientist Nikolai I. Three small triangles are included inside the submandibular triangle: Lesser's, Pirogov's, and Béclard's triangles ( Figs. suggested that an incision two fingers-breadth below the inferior border of the mandible would provide safer access to the submandibular triangle than the 2 cm line below the inferior border of the mandible in order to avoid injury to the MMB. The submandibular incision to access to this triangle, e.g., abscess drainage and submandibulectomy, should be inferior to the MMB. This triangle usually contains the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (MMB), the facial and lingual arteries and veins, the submandibular gland and lymph nodes, the nerve to the mylohyoid, the hypoglossal nerve, and the lower pole of the parotid gland. ![]() For this reason, odontogenic inflammation caused by lower molar tooth infection, especially the wisdom teeth, could easily spread below the mylohyoid muscle into the submandibular space. The attachment of the mylohyoid muscle onto the mandible is more inferiorly in the anterior region and more superiorly in the posterior region of the triangle. The floor of this triangle is formed by the mylohyoid muscle. The anterior and posterior borders of the submandibular triangle are the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle, respectively, and the base is the inferior border of the mandible. The aim of this review is comprehensively to revisit the anatomy of the triangles of the neck and to discuss their clinical applications. ![]() Also, clinicians can easily identify some of these triangles and their contnets with palpation, which provides valuable assistance as surface landmarks for clinical examination. These anatomical triangles contain nerves, vessels, and other anatomical structures. The neck also contains such triangles as the suboccipital triangle in the posterior aspect of the neck, the triangle of the vertebral artery and scalene triangle in deep layer of the neck, Lesser's, Pirogov's, Béclard's, and Farabeuf's triangles. Many of the reported anatomical triangles of the neck have been depicted and mainly classified within the broader anterior and posterior cervical triangles ( Fig. The neck is limited superiorly by the inferior border of the mandible, anteriorly by midline, inferiorly by the superior border of the clavicle, and posteriorly by the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle.
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